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Publications
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Note: citations listed as "in press" may not be available
online currently.
Hazai E, Bikadi Z, Zsila F, Lockwood, 2007.
Non-Covalent Binding of Disodium Disuccinate Astaxanthin to the Catalytic Site of Phosphodiesterase 5A:
A Molecular Modeling Study.
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery, 4(2): 128-136.
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McNulty HP, Byun J, Lockwood SF, Jacob RF, Mason RP, 2007.
Differential effects of carotenoids on lipid peroxidation due to membrance interactions: X-ray diffraction analysis.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes, 1768(1): 167-174.
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Mason RP, Walter MF, McNulty HP, Lockwood SF, Byun J, Day CA, Jacob RF, 2006.
Rofecoxib increases susceptibility of human LDL and membrane lipids to oxidative damage:
a mechanism of
cardiotoxicity.
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 47(Suppl 1): S7-S14.
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Hazai E, Bikadi Z, Zsila F, Lockwood SF, 2006
Molecular modeling of the non-covalent binding of the dietary tomato carotenoids
lycopene and lycophyll, and selected oxidative metabolites with 5-lipoxygenase.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 14(20): 6859-6867.
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Bikadi Z, Hazai E, Zsila F, Lockwood SF, 2006.
Molecular modeling of non-covalent binding of homochiral (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin to
matrix metalloproteinase-13
(MMP-13).
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 14(16): 5451-5458.
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Foss BJ, Nadolski G, Lockwood SF, 2006.
Hydrophilic carotenoid amphiphiles: methods of synthesis and biological applications.
Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 6(9): 953-969.
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Zsila F, Nadolski G, Lockwood SF, 2006.
Association studies of aggregated aqueous lutein diphosphate with
human serum albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein in vitro: Evidence from
circular dichroism and electronic absorption spectroscopy.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 16(14): 3797-3801.
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Braun CL, Jackson HL, Lockwood SF, Nadolski G, 2006.
Purification of synthetic all-E lycophyll (ψ,ψ-carotene-16,16'-diol).
Journal of Chromatography B, 834(1-2): 208-212.
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Lockwood SF, Jackson HL, Gross GJ, 2006.
Retrometabolic syntheses of astaxanthin(3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione) conjugates: a novel
approach to oral and parenteral cardioprotection.
Cardiovascular and Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 4(4): 335-349.
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Lockwood SF, Penn MS, Hazen SL, Bikadi Z, Zsila F, 2006.
The effects of oral Cardax™ (disodium disuccinate astaxanthin) on multiple independent oxidative stress
markers in a mouse peritoneal inflammation model: influence on 5-lipoxygenase in vitro and in vivo.
Life Sciences, 79(2): 162-174.
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Gross GJ, Hazen SL, Lockwood SF, 2006.
Seven day oral supplementation with Cardax™ (disodium disuccinate astaxanthin) provides significant
cardioprotection and reduces oxidative stress in rats.
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 283(1-2): 23-30.
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Nadolski G, Cardounel AJ, Zweier JL, Lockwood SF, 2006.
The synthesis and aqueous superoxide anion scavenging of water-dispersible lutein esters.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 16(4): 775-781.
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King TJ, Bertram JS, 2005.
Connexins as targets for cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy.
Biochimica Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes, 1719(1-2): 146-160.
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Jackson HL, Nadolski GT, Braun C, Lockwood SF, 2005.
Efficient total synthesis of lycophyll (ψ,ψ-carotene-16,16'-diol).
Organic Process Research & Development, 9(6): 830-836.
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Lockwood SF, Gross GJ, 2005.
Disodium disuccinate astaxanthin (Cardax™): antioxidant and antiinflammatory cardioprotection.
Cardiovascular Drug Reviews, 23(3): 199-216.
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Zsila F, Bikadi Z, Lockwood SF, 2005.
In vitro binding of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) to human serum albumin: Evidence from spectroscopic, molecular
modeling, and competitive displacement studies.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry letters, 15(16): 3725-3731.
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Hix LM, Frey DA, McLaws MD, Østerlie M, Lockwood SF, Bertram JS, 2005.
Inhibition of chemically-induced neoplastic transformation by a novel tetrasodium diphosphate astaxanthin
derivative.
Carcinogenesis, 26(9): 1634-1641.
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Lauver DA, Lockwood SF, Lucchesi BR, 2005.
Disodium Disuccinate Astaxanthin (Cardax) Attenuates Complement Activation and Reduces Myocardial Injury
following Ischemia/Reperfusion.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 314(2): 686-692.
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Zsila F, Molnar P, Deli J, Lockwood SF, 2005.
Circular dichroism and absorption spectroscopic data reveal binding of the natural cis-carotenoid bixin to
human α1-acid glycoprotein.
Bioorganic Chemistry, 33(4): 298-309.
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Foss BJ, Sliwka HR, Partali V, Naess SN, Elgsaeter A, Melø TB, Naqvi R, O'Malley S, Lockwood SF, 2005.
Hydrophilic carotenoids: surface properties and aqueous aggregation of a rigid, long-chain, highly
unsaturated dianionic bolaamphiphile with a carotenoid spacer.
Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 135(2): 157-167.
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Gross GJ, Lockwood SF, 2005.
Acute and chronic administration of disodium disuccinate astaxanthin (Cardax™) produces marked
cardioprotection in dog hearts.
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 272(1-2): 221-227.
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Zsila F, Fitos I, Bikadi Z, Simonyi M, Jackson HL, Lockwood SF, 2004.
In vitro plasma protein binding and aqueous aggregation behavior of astaxanthin dilysinate tetrahydrochloride.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14(21): 5357-5366.
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Frey DA, Kataisto EW, Ekmanis JL, O'Malley S, Lockwood SF, 2004.
The efficient synthesis of disodium disuccinate astaxanthin (Cardax).
Organic Process Research & Development, 8(5): 796-801.
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Hix LM, Vine AL, Lockwood SF, Bertram JS, 2005.
Retinoids and carotenoids as cancer chemopreventive agents: role of upregulated gap junctional communication.
In: Packer L, Obermueller-Jevic U, Kraemer K, Sies H (Eds).
Carotenoids and Retinoids: Molecular Aspects and Health Issues. AOCS Press; Champaign, IL. Ch. 11: 182-203.
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Jackson HL, Cardounel AJ, Zweier JL, Lockwood SF, 2004.
Synthesis, characterization, and direct aqueous superoxide anion scavenging of a highly water-dispersible
astaxanthin-amino acid conjugate.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14(15): 3985-3991.
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Hix LM, Lockwood SF, Bertram JS, 2004.
Bioactive carotenoids: potent antioxidants and regulators of gene expression.
Redox Report, 9(4): 181-191.
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Foss BJ, Sliwka H-R, Partali V, Cardounel AJ, Zweier JL, Lockwod SF, 2004.
Direct superoxide anion scavenging by a highly water-dispersible carotenoid phospholipid evaluated by
electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 14(11): 2807-2812.
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Gross GJ, Lockwood SF, 2004.
Cardioprotection and myocardial salvage by a disodium disuccinate astaxanthin derivative (Cardax™).
Life Sciences, 75(2): 215-224.
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Hix LM, Lockwood SF, Bertram JS, 2004.
Upregulation of connexin 43 protein expression and increased gap junctional communication by water soluble
disodium disuccinate astaxanthin derivatives.
Cancer Letters, 211(1): 25-37.
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Showalter LA, Weinman SA, Østerlie M, Lockwood SF, 2004.
Plasma appearance and tissue accumulation of non-esterified, free astaxanthin in C57BL/6 mice after oral
dosing of a disodium disuccinate diester of astaxanthin (Heptax™).
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 137(3): 227-236.
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Zsila F, Simonyi M, Lockwood SF, 2003.
Interaction of the disodium disuccinate derivative of meso-astaxanthin with human serum albumin: from chiral
complexation to self-assembly.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 13(22): 4093-4100.
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Cardounel AJ, Dumitrescu C, Zweier JL, Lockwood SF, 2003.
Direct superoxide anion scavenging by a disodium disuccinate astaxanthin derivative: relative efficacy of
individual stereoisomers versus the statistical mixture of stereoisomers by electron paramagnetic resonance
imaging.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 307(3): 704-712.
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Lockwood SF, O'Malley S, Mosher GL, 2003.
Improved aqueous solubility of crystalline
astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione) by Captisol (sulfobutyl ether β-cycklodextrin).
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 92(4): 922-926.
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Related Publications
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Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J, 2007.
Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease.
The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 39(1): 44-84.
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Lee SJ, Bai SK, Lee KS, Namkoong S, Na HJ, Ha KS, Han JA, Yim SV, Chang K, Kwon YG, Lee SK,
Kim YM, 2003.
Astaxanthin Inhibits Nitric Oxide Production and Inflammatory Gene Expression by Suppressing
IkB
Kinase-dependent NF-kB Activation.
Molecules and Cells, 16(1): 97-105.
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Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Kotake S, Nishida T, Mizuki N, Yazawa K, Ohno S, 2003.
Effects of Astaxanthin on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo.
Investivative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 44(6): 2694-2701.
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Kistler A, Liechti H, Pichard L, Wolz E, Oesterhelt G, Hayes A, Maurel P, 2002.
Metabolism and CYP-inducer properties of astaxanthin in man and primary human hepatocytes.
Archives of Toxicology, 75(11-12): 665-675.
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Young IS, McEneny J, 2001.
Lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis.
Biochemical Society Transactions, 29(2): 358-362.
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Østerlie M, Bjerkeng B, Liaaen-Jensen S, 2000.
Plasma appearance and distribution of astaxanthin E/Z and R/S isomers in plasma lipoproteins of men
after single dose administration of astaxanthin.
The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 11(10): 482-490.
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Iwamoto T, Hosoda K, Hirano R, Kurata H, Matsumoto A, Miki W, Kamiyama M, Itakura H,
Yamamoto S, Kondo K, 2000.
Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by astaxanthin.
Journal of Atherosclerosis Thrombosis, 7(4): 216-22.
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